Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods
Pantelis Linardatos, Vasilis Papastefanopoulos, Sotiris Kotsiantis
Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to its widespread industrial adoption, with machine learning systems demonstrating superhuman performance in a significant number of tasks. However, this surge in performance, has often been achieved through increased model complexity, turning such systems into "black box" approaches and causing uncertainty regarding the way they operate and, ultimately, the way that they come to decisions. This ambiguity has made it problematic for machine learning systems to be adopted in sensitive yet critical domains, where their value could be immense, such as healthcare. As a result, scientific interest in the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), a field that is concerned with the development of new methods that explain and interpret machine learning models, has been tremendously reignited over recent years. This study focuses on machine learning interpretability methods; more specifically, a literature review and taxonomy of these methods are presented, as well as links to their programming implementations, in the hope that this survey would serve as a reference point for both theorists and practitioners.
Citation edge evidence
- On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models→Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability MethodsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability MethodsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→XGBoostLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine.Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Classification and Regression by randomForestLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→"Why Should I Trust You?"Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospectsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial ExamplesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model PredictionsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→DeepFool: A Simple and Accurate Method to Fool Deep Neural NetworksLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→A guide to deep learning in healthcareLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→A survey of methods for explaining black box modelsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→The Limitations of Deep Learning in Adversarial SettingsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→A survey of decision tree classifier methodologyLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Practical Black-Box Attacks against Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Fairness through awarenessLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Grad-CAM++: Generalized Gradient-Based Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional NetworksLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Boosting Adversarial Attacks with MomentumLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Universal Adversarial PerturbationsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Learning Important Features Through Propagating Activation DifferencesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Anchors: High-Precision Model-Agnostic ExplanationsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Peeking Inside the Black Box: Visualizing Statistical Learning With Plots of Individual C…Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→ZOOLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→One Pixel Attack for Fooling Deep Neural NetworksLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Intelligible Models for HealthCareLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Accessorize to a CrimeLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Visualizing the Effects of Predictor Variables in Black Box Supervised Learning ModelsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods→Explaining nonlinear classification decisions with deep Taylor decompositionLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Peeking Inside the Black Box: Visualizing Statistical Learning With Plots of Individual C…→Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine.Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Peeking Inside the Black Box: Visualizing Statistical Learning With Plots of Individual C…→Classification and Regression by randomForestLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- The Limitations of Deep Learning in Adversarial Settings→Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial ExamplesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explaining nonlinear classification decisions with deep Taylor decomposition→DeepFool: A Simple and Accurate Method to Fool Deep Neural NetworksLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- DeepFool: A Simple and Accurate Method to Fool Deep Neural Networks→Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial ExamplesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- "Why Should I Trust You?"→Intelligible Models for HealthCareLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- XGBoost→Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine.Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Accessorize to a Crime→Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial ExamplesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Accessorize to a Crime→The Limitations of Deep Learning in Adversarial SettingsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Universal Adversarial Perturbations→Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial ExamplesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Universal Adversarial Perturbations→DeepFool: A Simple and Accurate Method to Fool Deep Neural NetworksLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine Learning→Fairness through awarenessLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Practical Black-Box Attacks against Machine Learning→The Limitations of Deep Learning in Adversarial SettingsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Practical Black-Box Attacks against Machine Learning→Accessorize to a CrimeLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions→"Why Should I Trust You?"Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- ZOO→Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial ExamplesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- ZOO→The Limitations of Deep Learning in Adversarial SettingsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- ZOO→DeepFool: A Simple and Accurate Method to Fool Deep Neural NetworksLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- ZOO→Universal Adversarial PerturbationsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- ZOO→Practical Black-Box Attacks against Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- One Pixel Attack for Fooling Deep Neural Networks→The Limitations of Deep Learning in Adversarial SettingsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- One Pixel Attack for Fooling Deep Neural Networks→DeepFool: A Simple and Accurate Method to Fool Deep Neural NetworksLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- One Pixel Attack for Fooling Deep Neural Networks→Universal Adversarial PerturbationsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- One Pixel Attack for Fooling Deep Neural Networks→Practical Black-Box Attacks against Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Grad-CAM++: Generalized Gradient-Based Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networks→"Why Should I Trust You?"Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Grad-CAM++: Generalized Gradient-Based Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networks→Learning Important Features Through Propagating Activation DifferencesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Boosting Adversarial Attacks with Momentum→Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial ExamplesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Boosting Adversarial Attacks with Momentum→Universal Adversarial PerturbationsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Boosting Adversarial Attacks with Momentum→Practical Black-Box Attacks against Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Anchors: High-Precision Model-Agnostic Explanations→"Why Should I Trust You?"Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)→Intelligible Models for HealthCareLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)→Peeking Inside the Black Box: Visualizing Statistical Learning With Plots of Individual C…Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)→Explaining nonlinear classification decisions with deep Taylor decompositionLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)→"Why Should I Trust You?"Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)→Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)→Anchors: High-Precision Model-Agnostic ExplanationsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)→A survey of methods for explaining black box modelsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learning→Intelligible Models for HealthCareLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learning→Fairness through awarenessLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learning→"Why Should I Trust You?"Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learning→A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model PredictionsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learning→A survey of methods for explaining black box modelsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- A survey of methods for explaining black box models→Intelligible Models for HealthCareLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- A survey of methods for explaining black box models→Peeking Inside the Black Box: Visualizing Statistical Learning With Plots of Individual C…Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- A survey of methods for explaining black box models→Explaining nonlinear classification decisions with deep Taylor decompositionLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- A survey of methods for explaining black box models→"Why Should I Trust You?"Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- A survey of methods for explaining black box models→Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial ExamplesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Intelligible Models for HealthCareLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Peeking Inside the Black Box: Visualizing Statistical Learning With Plots of Individual C…Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Explaining nonlinear classification decisions with deep Taylor decompositionLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→"Why Should I Trust You?"Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Learning Important Features Through Propagating Activation DifferencesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model PredictionsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Anchors: High-Precision Model-Agnostic ExplanationsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→A survey of methods for explaining black box modelsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…→Visualizing the Effects of Predictor Variables in Black Box Supervised Learning ModelsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Visualizing the Effects of Predictor Variables in Black Box Supervised Learning Models→Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine.Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Visualizing the Effects of Predictor Variables in Black Box Supervised Learning Models→Peeking Inside the Black Box: Visualizing Statistical Learning With Plots of Individual C…Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models→Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models→Learning Important Features Through Propagating Activation DifferencesLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→Peeking Inside the Black Box: Visualizing Statistical Learning With Plots of Individual C…Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→Explaining nonlinear classification decisions with deep Taylor decompositionLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→"Why Should I Trust You?"Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine LearningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→Anchors: High-Precision Model-Agnostic ExplanationsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learningLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→A survey of methods for explaining black box modelsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challe…Legacy edge — source detail unavailable
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustw…→Visualizing the Effects of Predictor Variables in Black Box Supervised Learning ModelsLegacy edge — source detail unavailable
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Topics
| Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) | Computer Science |
| Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning | Computer Science |
| Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications | Computer Science |
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